Neurochemistry of Autism
There are many complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions that can affect social interactions, behavior, and sensory processing. It is important to clarify these neurochemical alterations in order to determine the neurodevelopmental variations of the autism spectrum disorder. With autism, changes in social behavior, such as motor skills and attention span, can be noticeable very early on in life. These symptoms suggest that there are neuroanatomical and neurochemical events occurring in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) very early on.
Neurochemistry refers to the study of chemical activity and chemical makeup within the nervous system, but specifically focuses on the brain. Neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers within the brain that send signals from one neuron to another, play a significant role in brain development and contribute to behavior and motor activity.
Below are a few of the neurochemicals that play a role in autism. Hover over each box to briefly learn about their roles.
Glutamate and GABA
Glutamate plays an important role in learning and memory and sends signals between nerve cells. GABA produces a calming effect and limits the ability to send and receive signals between nerve cells. An imbalance between the two can cause high anxiety, an inability to focus, and repetitive behavior.
Serotonin
Serotonin can affect memory, learning ability, and mood. In people with autism, there are typically lower levels of serotonin. This can worsen repetitive behaviors and cause an increase of irritbility.
Dopamine
Dopamine plays a role in one's motor control and contributes to behaviors including social cognition. If there is an imbalance of dopamine levels in the brain, someone with autism is likely to experience a lack of motivation and have difficulties seeking social interactions or improving their social abilities.
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine plays a role in memory and learning and engages in the brain's ability to focus. High levels of acetylcholine in the brain can modulate and increase repetitive behaviors.